Man and Environment (i) Dimensions of environment - physical, biological and social.
(ii) Human being as a rational and social partner in environmental actions.
(iii) Society and environment in India ; Indian traditions, customs and culture - past and present.
(iv) Population and environment.
(v) Impact of human activities on environment: - environmental problems of urban and rural areas.
- natural resources and their depletion.
- stress on civic amenities; supply of water and electricity, waste disposal, transport, health services.
- vehicular emissions.
- urbanization - land use, housing, migrating and floating population.
Environment and Development
(i) Economic and social needs - as basic considerations for development.
(ii) Agriculture and industry as major sectors of development.
(iii) Social factors affecting development – poverty, affluence, education, employment, child marriage and child labour; human health – HIV/AIDS, social, cultural and ethical values.
(iv) Impact of development on environment – changing pattern of land use; land reclamation, deforestation, resource depletion, pollution and environmental degradation.
(v) Impact of liberalization and globalization on - agriculture and industries, dislocation of manpower and unemployment, implications for social harmony.
(vi) Role of society in development and environment - public awareness through education, eco-clubs, population education programme, campaigns, public participation in decision-making.
Environmental Pollution and Global Issues
(i) Air, water (fresh and marine), soil pollution - sources and consequences.
(ii) Noise and radiation pollution - sources and consequences.
(iii) Solid, liquid and gaseous pollutants.
(iv) Handling of hazardous materials and processes; handling and management of hazardous wastes.
(v) Ozone layer depletion and its effect.
(vi) Greenhouse effect; global warming and climatic changes and their effects on human society, agriculture, plants and animals.
(vii) Pollution related diseases.
(viii) Disasters - natural (earthquakes, droughts, floods, cyclones, landslides) and man-made (technological and industrial); their impact on the environment; prevention, control and mitigation.
(ix) Strategies for reducing pollution and improving the environment.
Energy
(i) Changing global patterns of energy consumption - from ancient to modern times.
(ii) Energy consumption as measure of quality of life.
(iii) Rising demand for energy, gap between demand and supply (Indian context).
(iv) Conventional energy sources - fossil fuels and firewood, potential (Indian context) and limitations of each source, methods of harnessing and environmental consequences of their use.
(v) Non-conventional energy sources- types of non-conventional sources (bio-mass, solar, wind, ocean, hydel, geothermal, nuclear), potential (Indian context) and limitations of each source, methods of harnessing and their environmental consequences, need to promote non-conventional energy sources.
(vi) Conservation of energy sources – efficiency in production, transportation and utilization of energy.
(vii) Planning and management of energy; future sources of energy - hydrogen, alcohol, fuel cells.
(viii) Enhancing efficiency of the devices and optimizing energy utilization.
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