Role of Physics
(i) Scope of Physics.
(ii) Role of Physics in technology.
(iii) Impact on society.
Units
(i) SI units. Fundamental and derived units (correct symbols for units including conventions for symbols).
(ii) Accuracy and errors in measurement, least count of measuring instruments (and the implications for errors in experimental measurements and calculations).
(iii) Significant figures and order of accuracy with reference to measuring instruments. Powers of 10 and order of magnitude.
Dimensions
(i) Dimensional formula of physical quantities (from Mechanics only).
(ii) Dimensional equation and its use to check correctness of a formula, to find the relation between physical quantities, to find the dimension of a physical quantity or constant; limitations of dimensional analysis.
Vectors, Scalar Quantities and Elementary Calculus
(i) Vectors in one dimension, two dimensions and three dimensions.
(ii) Vector operations (addition, subtraction and multiplication of vectors including use of unit vectors iˆ , j ˆ , kˆ ; parallelogram and triangle law of vector addition).
(iii) Resolution and components of like vectors in a plane (including rectangular components), scalar (dot) and vector (cross) products.
(iv) Elementary Calculus: differentiation and integration as required for physics topics in Classes XI and XII.
Dynamics
(i) Cases of uniform velocity, equations of uniformly accelerated motion and applications including motion under gravity (close to surface of the earth).
(ii) Relative velocity, projectile motion.
(iii) Newton 's laws of motion and simple applications. Elementary ideas on inertial and uniformly accelerated frames of reference.
(iv) Concurrent forces (reference should be made to force diagrams and to the point of application of forces), work done by constant and variable force (Spring force).
(v) Energy, conservation of energy, power, conservation of linear momentum, impulse, elastic and inelastic collisions in one dimension only.
Friction
(i) Friction in solids: static; sliding; rolling.
(ii) Laws of friction. Co-efficient of friction.
Motion in Fluids
(i) Equation of continuity of fluid flow and its application, buoyancy, Bernoulli's principle, (venturimeter, pitot tube, atomizer, dynamic uplift).
(ii) Stream line and turbulent flow, Reynold's number (derivation not required).
(iii) Viscous drag; Newton 's formula of co-efficient of viscosity.
(iv) Stoke's law, terminal velocity of a sphere falling through a liquid or a hollow rigid sphere rising to the surface of a fluid.
Circular Motion
(i) Centripetal acceleration and force, motion round a banked track, point mass at the end of a light, inextensible string and moving in a horizontal circle and as a conical pendulum.
(ii) Centre of mass, moment of inertia: rectangular rod; disc; ring; sphere.
(iii) Parallel axis theorem and perpendicular axis theorem; radius of gyration.
(iv) Torque and angular momentum, relation between torque and moment of inertia and between angular momentum and moment of inertia; conservation of angular momentum and applications.
(v) Two-dimensional rigid body motion, e.g. point mass on string wound on a cylinder (horizontal axis rotation), cylinder rolling down inclined plane without sliding.
Gravitation
(i) Newton 's law of universal gravitation; gravitational constant (G); gravitational acceleration on surface of the earth (g).
(ii) Relation between G and g; variation of gravitational acceleration above and below the surface of the earth.
(iii) Gravitational field, potential and potential energy.
(iv) Escape velocity (with special reference to the earth and the moon); orbital velocity and period of a satellite in circular orbit (particularly around the earth).
(v) Geostationary satellites - uses of communication satellites.
(vi) Kepler's law of planetary motion.
Properties of Matter - Temperature
(i) Properties of matter: Solids: elasticity in solids, Hooke's law, Young's modulus and its
determination, bulk modulus and modulus of rigidity, work done in stretching a wire. Liquids: surface tension (molecular theory), drops and bubbles, angle of contact, work done in stretching a surface and surface energy, capillary rise, measurement of surface tension by capillary rise methods. Gases: kinetic theory of gases: postulates, molecular speeds and derivation of p= _ _ 2 c , equation of state of an ideal gas pV = nRT (numerical problems not included from gas laws).
(ii) Temperature: kinetic interpretation of temperature (relation between ` c 2 and T); absolute temperature. Law of equipartition of energy (statement only).
Internal Energy
(i) First law of thermodynamics.
(ii) Isothermal and adiabatic changes in a perfect gas described in terms of curves for PV = constant and PV g = constant; joule and calorie relation (derivation for PV g = constant not included).
(iii) Work done in isothermal and adiabatic expansion; principal molar heat capacities; C p and C v ; relation between C p and C v (C p - C v = R). C p and C v for monatomic and diatomic gasses.
(iv) Phase diagram and triple point.
(v) Second law of thermodynamics, Carnot's cycle. Some practical applications.
(vi) Thermal conductivity; co-efficient of thermal conductivity, comparison of thermal and electrical conductivity. Convection with examples.
(vii) Thermal radiation: nature and properties of thermal radiation, qualitative effects of nature of surface on energy absorbed or emitted by it; black body and black body radiation, Stefan's law (using Stefan's law to determine the surface temperature of the sun or a star by treating it as a black body); Newton 's law of cooling, Wien's displacement law, distribution of energy in the spectrum of black body radiation (only qualitative and graphical treatment).
Oscillations
(i) Simple harmonic motion.
(ii) Expressions for displacement, velocity and acceleration.
(iii) Characteristics of simple harmonic motion.
(iv) Relation between linear simple harmonic motion and uniform circular motion.
(v) Kinetic and potential energy at a point in simple harmonic motion.
(vi) Derivation of time period of simple harmonic motion of a simple pendulum, mass on a spring (horizontal and vertical oscillations).
(vii) Free, forced and damped oscillations (qualitative treatment only). Resonance.
Waves
(i) Transverse and longitudinal waves; relation between speed, wavelength and frequency; expression for displacement in wave motion; characteristics of a harmonic wave; graphical representation of a harmonic wave; amplitude and intensity.
(ii) Sound as a wave motion, Newton 's formula for the speed of sound and Laplace 's correction; variation in the speed of sound with changes in pressure, temperature and humidity; speed of sound in liquids and solids (descriptive treatment only).
(iii) Superimposition of waves (interference, beats and standing waves), progressive and stationary waves.
(iv) Laws of vibrations of stretched strings.
(v) Modes of vibration of strings and air columns; resonance.
(vi) Doppler Effect for sound.
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