Relative Molecular Mass and Mole (i) Molality, molarity, mole fraction, as measures of concentration.
(ii) Raoult's law and colligative properties.
(iii) Nonvolatile, non electrolytic solute.
(iv) Dissociation- Electrolytic solute.
(v) Association.
(vi) Relative molecular mass of non-volatile substances:
(a) By relative lowering of vapour pressure.
(b) Depression in freezing point method- Beckmann's method.
(c) Elevation in boiling point method- Cottrell's method.
(d) Osmotic pressure and its application in the determination of relative molecular mass.
(e) Van't Hoff factor.
(f) Van't Hoff equation and its interpretation.
(g) Simple numerical problems on different methods mentioned above for the determination of molecular masses. Abnormal molecular masses in case of electrolytes and in case of solutes which associate.
Nuclear and Radio Chemistry
(i) Radioactive disintegration.
(ii) Detection and nature of alpha particles, beta particles and gamma radiation. Evidence from experiments with photographic emulsions and cloud chamber to establish the nature of the rays.
(iii) Modes of decay and group displacement law.
(iv) Rate of radioactive disintegration, decay law and graph, Half life period, Average life and simple numerical problems based on the above.
(v) Effect of N/P ratio on nuclear stability, related graphs.
(vi) Artificial or induced transmutation, only transmutations produced by neutron, hydrogen and helium are included. Balancing of nuclear reactions.
(vii) Radioisotopes and their uses. Carbon (14), P (32) , I (127), Co (60).
(viii) Fusion, fission and nuclear reactors-a simple treatment is expected.
Chemical Bonding
(i) Co-ordinate or dative covalent bond, e.g. formation of oxy-acids of chlorine.
(ii) Hydrogen bonding: its essential requirements, the examples of hydrogen fluoride, water (ice), alcohol, etc may be considered.
(iii) Metallic bonding, Van der Waals' forces. Dipole effect and dipole moment.
(iv) Shapes of simple molecules e.g. methane, ammonia, water, based on the concept of repulsion between electron pairs, pyramidal, planar and trigonal bipyramidal molecules
(Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Theory).
(v) Molecular orbital theory, Qualitative treatment of homonuclear diatomic molecules of first two periods. Energy level diagrams, bonding, antibonding orbitals, bond order, paramagnetism of O 2 molecule. Relative stabilities of O 2 - , O 2 , O 2 + .
(vi) Hybridisation and shapes of molecules: hybridisation involving s and p orbitals only; sigma and pi bonds.
States of Matters: Structure and Properties Solid State
Crystalline and amorphous substances; lattice; unit cell; 3–D packing of atoms in a crystal lattice; relation between radius, edge length and nearest neighbour distance of atoms in a unit cell; density of a unit cell; interstitial void; imperfections in solids, ionic, metallic and atomic solids, electrical and magnetic properties.
Coordination Compounds
Concept of complexes; definition of ligands; coordination number, coordination sphere;
classification of ligands; IUPAC nomenclature of coordination compounds; isomerism; magnetic characteristics of coordination compounds on the basis of valence bond theory. Stability constant; uses of coordination compounds in different fields.
Chemical Kinetics (including numericals)
Detailed study of -
(i) Collision theory.
(ii) The law of mass action.
(iii) Effect of concentration of the reactants on -
(a) The rate of the reaction.
(b) The rate constant.
(iv) Molecularity and order of the reaction.
(a) Meaning of the order of reaction.
(b) Meaning of molecularity.
(v) Mechanisms of the reactions: S N 1 and S N 2 , E 1 and E 2 mechanisms are to be taught at this point.
(vi) Variation of rate constant with temperature. Arrhenius equation K = Ae E /RT A − and related graphs.
(vii) Catalyst - Catalysis: types of catalysts, theories of catalysts, characteristics of catalyst.
Ionic Equilibria
(i) Ostwald's dilution law and its derivation. Strength of acids and bases based on their dissociation constant.
(ii) Brönsted-Lowry and Lewis concept of acids and bases.
(iii) Ionic product of water, pH of solutions and pH indicators, problems.
(iv) Common ion effect.
(v) Salt hydrolysis.
(vi) Buffer solutions.
(vii) Solubility product and its applications.
Electrochemistry
(i) Faraday's laws of Electrolysis, Coulometer.
(ii) Relation between Faraday, Avogadro's number and charge on an electron. F = N A e should be given (no details of Millikan's experiment are required).
(iii) Galvanic cells, mechanism of current production in a galvanic cell; and electrode potential.
(a) Standard electrode potential, measurement of standard electrode potential.
(b) Idea of heterogeneous equilibria on the surface of the electrode.
(c) Factors affecting electrode potential.
(d) Electrochemical series and its explanation on the basis of standard electrode potential.
(e) Numericals based on calculation of emf of a cell from the values of standard electrode potentials.
(f) Nernst equation (correlation with the free energy of the reaction in thermodynamics derivation of the equation).
(iv) Electrolytic conductance: specific conductance. Measuring of molar and equivalent conductance; Kohlrausch's law.
Chemical Energetics
(i) Introduction.
(ii) First law of Thermodynamics and its mathematical statement.
(iii) Ideas about Heat, Work and Energy.
(iv) Second law of thermodynamics – Entropy, Free Energy. Spontaneity of a chemical
change. D G ° = -2.303 RT logK eq ; reversible and irreversible changes, isobaric, isochoric adiabatic processes.
(v) Thermochemistry:
(a) Definitions.
(b) Constancy in the heat of neutralisation.
(c) Calculation of calorific value of a fuel.
(d) Hess's law of constant heat summation - simple problems based on the above
definitions and concepts.
Extraction, Properties and Uses of Metals
Only the following metals:
(i) Electrolytic reduction – Al.
(ii) Metallurgy of Cu, Pb and Sn.
(iii) Extraction of silver - Cyanide process.
Isolation, manufacture, properties and uses of non-metals
Only the following non-metals: Silicon, Phosphorus, Fluorine, Bromine and Iodine.
Preparation, manufacture, properties and uses of compounds
Sodium thiosulphate crystals, Aluminum chloride, Alum, Copper sulphate crystals, Silver nitrate, Hydrogen sulphide, Hydrogen peroxide, Ozone, Silicones, Silicon carbide, Nitrous acid, Hypochlorous acid, Chloric acid, Perchloric acid, Bleaching powder, Phosphorus penta chloride, Ortho Phosphoric acid.
Types of Chemical Reactions and their Mechanisms
(i) Substitution, addition and elimination reactions.
(ii) Homolytic and heterolytic fission.
(iii) Electrophiles and nucleophiles.
(iv) Inductive, mesomeric and electromeric effects.
(v) Free radicals and polar mechanisms (in terms of fission of the bonds and formation of the new bonds) including S N 1 and S N 2 mechanisms.
(vi) Organometallic compounds.
Ethers, Aldehydes, Ketones, Carboxylic acids and Acid Derivatives
(i) Ethers: general formula and structure. Nomenclature; preparation, properties and uses of diethyl ether (outline, no detail).
(ii) Aldehydes and Ketones: methods of preparation, properties and uses of aldehydes and ketones with reference to formaldehyde and acetaldehyde (aldehydes) and acetone (ketone); The following reactions should be dealt with at appropriate place; Cannizzaro's reaction, Aldol condensation, Keto-enol Tautomerism.
(iii) Carboxylic acids: classification, general formulae, structure and nomenclature: monocarboxylic acids, general methods of preparation, properties and uses of formic acid and acetic acid. Manufacture of acetic acid from ethyne, dicarboxylic acid and preparation of oxalic acid from glycol, sodium formate and sucrose; properties and uses of oxalic acid (outline-no detail).
(iv) Acid derivatives : laboratory preparation, properties and uses of acetyl chloride, acetic anhydride, acetamide, ethylacetate; urea preparation (by Wohler's synthesis), properties and uses of urea, manufacture of urea from ammonia and by cyanamide process.
Glycine: preparation from chloroacetic acid, properties of glycine including Zwitterion Reactant, product, condition, equations, special points, and precautions are to be learnt for all the reactions.
Cyanide, Isocyanide, Cyanates, Isocyanates, Nitro compounds and Amines
(i) Their nomenclature, general methods of preparation, correlation of physical properties, their structure, chemical properties, their uses; inter conversion of primary, secondary and tertiary amines, amides.
(ii) Quarternary ammonium salt from long chain amines (reactant, product, condition, equations, special points, and precautions are to be learnt for all reactions).
Carbohydrates
Classification, monosaccharides; preparation and properties of glucose and fructose; disaccharides; properties of sucrose; polysaccharides; properties of starch and cellulose.
Aromatic Compounds (Benzene and its derivatives)
Aromatic compounds (benzene and its derivatives): coal tar as an important source of
aromatic compounds; preparation of benzene from sodium benzoate, properties and uses of benzene; resonance model of benzene; directive influence of substituents in the benzene ring; preparation, properties and uses of - chlorobenzene, nitrobenzene, aniline, phenol, benzaldehyde, benzoic acid. The following reactions should be dealt with wherever relevant - Fittig reactions (e.g. chlorobenzene to methyl benzene), Friedel Craft reaction, e.g. toluene preparation.
Polymers
Polymerisation: the principle of addition and condensation polymerisation illustrated by reference to natural and synthetic polymers e.g. proteins, polyolefines and synthetic fibres; thermoplastics, thermosetting plastics, chemotrophs; reference should also be made to the effect of chain-length and cross-linking on physical properties of polymers.
Isomerism
(i) Structural Isomerism.
(ii) Stereo Isomerism.
(a) Geometric isomerism.
(b) Optical isomerism - lactic acid and tartaric acid.
(iii) Use in identifying the compound.
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