Electrostatics
(i) Coulomb's law, S.I. unit of charge; permittivity of free space.
(ii) Concept of electric field E = F/q o ; Gauss' theorem and its applications. Van de Graff generator.
(iii) Electric dipole; electric field at a point on the axis and perpendicular bisector of a dipole; electric dipole moment; torque on a dipole in a uniform electric field.
(iv) Electric lines of force.
(v) Electric potential and potential energy; potential due to a point charge and due to a dipole; potential energy of an electric dipole in an electric field.
(vi) Capacitance C = Q/V, the farad; capacitance of a parallel-plate capacitor; capacitance in series and parallel combinations; energy U = 1 / 2 CV 2 .
(vii) Dielectrics (elementary ideas only); permittivity and relative permittivity of a dielectric ( Î r = Î / Î o ). Effects on pd, charge and capacitance.
Current Electricity
(i) Steady currents; sources of current, simple cells, secondary cells (cell action).
(ii) Potential difference as the power supplied divided by the current; Ohm's law and its limitations; Combinations of resistors in series and parallel; Electric energy and power.
(iii) Mechanism of flow of current in metals, drift velocity of charges. Resistance and resistivity and their relation to drift velocity of electrons; description of resistivity and conductivity based on electron theory; effect of temperature on resistance, colour coding of resistance.
(iv) Electromotive force in a cell; internal resistance and back emf. Combination of cells in series and parallel.
(v) Kirchhoff's laws and their simple applications to circuits with resistors and sources of emf; Wheatstone bridge, metre-bridge and potentiometer; use for comparison of emf and determination of internal resistance of sources of current; use of resistors (shunts and multipliers) in ammeters and voltmeters.
(vi) Heating effect of a current (Joule's law).
(vii) Thermoelectricity; Seebeck effect; measurement of thermo emf; its variation with temperature.
Magnetism
(i) Magnetic field B , definition from magnetic force on a moving charge; magnetic field lines. Superposition of magnetic fields; magnetic field and magnetic flux density; the earth's magnetic field; tangent law.
(ii) Properties of dia, para and ferromagnetic substances; susceptibility and relative permeability
Electromagnetism
(i) Oersted's experiment; Biot-Savart law, the tesla; magnetic field near a long straight wire, at the centre of a circular loop, and at a point on the axis of a circular coil carrying current. Amperes circuital law and its application to obtain magnetic field due to a long straight wire and inside a long solenoid; tangent galvanometer.
(ii) Force on a moving charge in a magnetic field; force on a current carrying conductor moving in a magnetic field; force between two parallel current carrying wires; definition of the ampere based on the force between two current carrying wires. Cyclotron (simple idea).
(iii) A current loop as a magnetic dipole; magnetic dipole moment; torque on a current loop; moving coil galvanometer.
(iv) Electromagnetic induction, magnetic flux and induced emf; Faraday's law and Lenz's law; transformers; eddy currents.
(v) Mutual and self inductance: the Henry. Growth and decay of current in LR circuit (dc) (graphical approach), time constant.
(vi) Simple a.c. and d.c. generators.
Alternating Current Circuits
(i) Change of voltage and current with time, the phase difference; peak and rms values of voltage and current; their relation in sinusoidal case.
(ii) Variation of voltage and current in a.c. circuits consisting of only resistors, only inductors and only capacitors (phasor representation), phase lag and phase lead.
(iii) The LCR series circuit: phasor diagram, expression for V or I; phase lag/lead; impedance of a series LCR circuit (arrived at by phasor diagram); Special cases for RL and RC circuits.
(iv) Power P associated with LCR circuit = 1 / 2 V o I o cos f = V rms I rm s cos f ; power absorbed and power dissipated; choke coil (choke and starter); electrical resonance; oscillations in an LC circuit ( w = 1/ Ö LC).
Wave Optics
(i) Complete electromagnetic spectrum from radio waves to gamma rays; transverse nature of electromagnetic waves, Huygen's principle; laws of reflection and refraction from Huygen's principle.
(ii) Conditions for interference of light, interference of monochromatic light by double slit; measurement of wave length.
(iii) Single slit Fraunhoffer diffraction (elementary explanation).
(iv) Plane polarised electromagnetic wave (elementary idea), polarisation of light by reflection and refraction, Brewster's law; polaroids.
Ray Optics and Optical Instruments
(i) Refraction of light at a plane interface (Snell's law); total internal reflection and critical angle; total reflecting prisms and optical fibres.
(ii) Refraction through a prism, minimum deviation and derivation of relation between n, A and d min .
(iii) Refraction at a spherical surface (relation between n 1 , n 2 , u, v and R); refraction through thin lens (lens maker's formula and formula relating u, v, f, n, R 1 and R 2 ); combined focal length of two thin lenses in contact. Combination of lenses and mirrors.
(iv) Dispersion; dispersive power; production of pure spectrum; spectrometer and its setting (experimental uses and procedures included); absorption and emission spectra; spherical and chromatic aberration; derivation of condition for achromatic combination of two thin lenses in contact.
(v) Simple microscope; Compound microscope and their magnifying power.
(vi) Simple astronomical telescope (refracting and reflecting), magnifying power and resolving power of a simple astronomical telescope.
Electrons and Photons
(i) Cathode rays: measurement of e/m for electrons; principle of cathode ray oscillograph.
(ii) Photo electric effect, quantization of radiation; Einstein's equation; threshold frequency; work function; energy and momentum of photon. Determination of Planck's Constant from photo electric effect.
(iii) Wave particle duality, De Broglie equation, phenomenon of electron diffraction
(informative only).
Atoms
(i) Charge and size of molecules ( a -particle scattering); atomic structure; Bohr's postulates, Bohr's quantization condition; radii of Bohr orbits for hydrogen atom; energy of the hydrogen atom in the nth state; line spectra of hydrogen and calculation of E and f for different lines.
(ii) Production of X-rays; maximum frequency for a given tube potential. Characteristic and continuous X -rays. Mosley's law
Nuclei
(i) Atomic masses; unified atomic mass unit u and its value in MeV; the neutron; composition of nucleus; mass defect and binding energy.
(ii) Radioactivity: nature and properties of alpha, beta and gamma radiation; radioactive decay law, half-life, mean life and decay constant.
Nuclear Energy
(i) Energy - mass equivalence.
(ii) Nuclear fission; chain reaction; principle of operation of a nuclear reactor.
(iii) Nuclear fusion; thermonuclear fusion as the source of the sun's energy.
Semiconductor Devices
(i) Energy bands in solids; energy band diagrams for distinction between conductors, insulators and semi-conductors - intrinsic and extrinsic; electrons and holes in semiconductors
(ii) Junction diode; depletion region; forward and reverse biasing current - voltage characteristics; pn diode as a half wave and full wave rectifier; solar cell, LED and photodiode.
(iii) The junction transistor; npn and pnp transistors; current gain in a transistor; transistor (common emitter) amplifier (only circuit diagram and qualitative treatment) and oscillator.
(iv) Elementary idea of discreet and integrated circuits, analogue and digital circuits. Logic gates (symbols; working with truth tables; applications and uses) - NOT, OR, AND, NOR, NAND.
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