Kinship
Types of kinship: consanguineous and affinal kinship, degree of kinship, range of kinship descent; kinship usages - avoidance, joking relationship, teknonymy, avunculate, amitate, couvade; kinship terms - descriptive and classificatory.
The Clan and Totemism
(i) Clan: basic features, phratry, views about formation of phratry, Morgan's claim, Tylor's analogy; clan organisation in Indian tribes.
(ii) Totemism: definition, features, the growth of totemic clans, explanatory theories, totemism and exogamy.
Marriage and Inheritance
(i) Marriage among certain tribes: Kharia, Ho, and Khasi.
(ii) History of human marriage.
(iii) The reasons for and the nature of marriage.
(iv) Forms of marriage: exogamy, endogamy, cross cousin, levirate, sororate, polygamy, and hypergamy.
(v) Ways of acquiring mates: probationary, by capture, by trial, by purchase, by service, by exchange, by mutual consent and elopement, by intrusion, by inheritance of widows.
(vi) Pre-marital and extra-marital sex relations, divorce, children, Hindu and Muslim marriage.
(vii) Divorce, inheritance.
The Family
(i) Some primitive families: the Kharia, Khasi and Ho.
(ii) Reasons for the universal existence of family: roots of family, family as a functional unit, family as an association
(iii) Distinctive features: universality, emotional basis, educative role, limited size, nuclear position, sense of responsibility, social regulation, persistence and change.
(iv) Family as a process: stages.
(v) Origins: Morgan's evolutionary scheme, Westermarek's extremist interpretation of evolution of family, Briffault's criticism.
(vi) Residence and descent.
(vii) Matriarchal and patriarchal societies .
(viii) Nuclear and joint families; small family norms.
The Status of Women in Tribal Societies
(i) Theoretical background: definition of status.
(ii) Matrilineal societies
(iii) Status of women in patrilocal societies.
Religion, Magic and Morality
(i) Definition and constituents: definition, beliefs, rituals, superstitions, totemism, fetishism.
(ii) Theories of religions: animism, animatism, manaism, naturism, functional theories.
(iii) Religion, magic and science: Frazer's types of magic, differences and similarities between religion and magic, between religion and science.
(iv) Tribal religions: taboo, its nature, tribal religions, bongaism, fall of tribal god.
(v) Morality: notion of morality, relation between religion and morality.
Economic Organisation
(i) Economic activity and its types: preliminary concepts, collective economy, simple transformative economy, early industrialism, modern industrialism.
(ii) Modern outlook in industrial relation: human concept of work from economic functions to social interrelation in industry - spread of property, profit sharing, enterprise as an association, co-management.
(iii) Industry and social change: impact of industry on society, class as an effect of industrialisation, the new class, industry and position of women, urbanisation and modernisation.
(iv) Economic organisation : definition and classification; nature of primitive economies; property in primitive economies.
(v) Economies : food gathering, agriculture, shifting axe cultivation, handicrafts, pastoralism, industrial labour.
Social Stratification
(i) Social stratification: the elements.
(ii) The class system: its nature, development, the labouring class.
(iii) The caste system: concept, caste origin, caste and class comparison, its features; origin of caste in India ; prospects of caste in modern India .
Rank and Social Organisation
(i) Rank: the view of primitive society as a democratic organisation, definition of rank and status.
(ii) Social organisation: definition of tribe, differences between caste and tribe, group dynamics; social organisation in tribal India - types; specific organisations of the Andaman islanders, Kadar, Ho, Munda, Gond, Khasi, Toda.
Law and Justice
(i) Nature of primitive law: origins of law, differences between primitive and modern law, intention, responsibility, evidence, punishment, wergild.
(ii) Law among certain tribes: why is law obeyed, Government; law among the Kamar, Kharia, Rengma Naga and the Ho.
The Educational System
(i) Dormitories: dormitories in India – features and activities; origin of dormitories, culture,
contacts, educative function.
(ii) Education: meaning of education, education as a social thinking, functions of education in modern industrial society; development of education integrating the human mind with
science and vocational training; the role of teachers in education, state and education.
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