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PRINCIPLES OF GEOGRAPHY
Our World
(i) Earth as a planet – shape, size and its uniqueness in the solar system.
(ii) Latitudes and longitudes; locating places on the Earth; longitude and time; local and standard time; Great Circle routes and International dateline.
(iii) Rotation of the Earth and the alteration of day and night; Revolution of the Earth and seasonal changes; Inclination of the Earth's axis and its significance.
Structure of the Earth and Internal Processes
(i) Structure - crust of the earth (Lithosphere).
(ii) Landforms of the earth – mountains, types of mountains, types of plateaus, types of plains- structural, erosional, depositional. Examples from the world and India. World map showing the distribution of these features as listed.
(iii) Rocks - difference between minerals and rocks, types of rocks: igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic, their characteristics and formation; rock cycle.
(iv) Volcanoes - causes and distribution; volcanic cone and fissure eruption.
(v) Earthquakes – causes, effects and their distribution.
(vi) Folding and faulting – causes, effects and associated landforms like fold mountains, horsts, rift valleys - their features/examples.
(The following topic i.e. Agents of Gradation and External processes and the sub-topics under it are to be taught with topic 1(e) of Internal Assessment, i.e. Drawing and recognizing forms of important contours …).
Agents of Gradation and External Processes: meaning and effects of weathering, its three major types - soil formation, idealised soil profile and its characteristics.
(i) Work of rivers – stages, formation of different features - (valley, gorges,
canyons, waterfalls, meanders, oxbow lakes, deltas, estuaries). Diagrams and photographs of these features.
(ii) Work of ice – mountain glaciers and formation of associated features – glacial
valleys, cirques, aretes, moraines and their types.
(iii) Work of wind – formation of associated features, viz. mushroom rocks, yardangs,
sand dunes and their types - transverse, longitudinal and crescentic; loess.
(iv) Work of sea waves – associated landforms in coastal areas, viz. cliff, caves, stacks, sand bars and beaches.
Hydrosphere
(i) Importance of oceans. Distribution of land and water; features like isthmus, gulf, bay, strait island.
(ii) Movement of ocean waters; tides - formation, properties and patterns of tides. Currents – their circulation pattern and effects.
Atmosphere
(i) Composition and structure of the atmosphere as Troposphere, Stratosphere, Ionosphere and
Exosphere; ozone in stratosphere, its depletion and global warming.
(ii) Insolation – heat balance, heat zones.
(iii) Pressure belts, winds – permanent winds, seasonal winds, local winds and variable winds.
(iv) Precipitation - types and causes, distribution of rainfall in the world and factors affecting the distribution of rainfall.
(v) World climatic types – Equatorial, Tropical Monsoon, Tropical Desert, Mediterranean
type, Cool Temperate Continental (Steppe, Prairie), Cool Temperate Oceanic (China
type), location, study of temperature and rainfall of one station in each climatic type; corresponding patterns of vegetation.
HUMAN AND ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY
World Studies
There would be a choice between the World Study areas. Candidates can choose any one.
Human response to nature of resources, the availability of resources, uses, its development, factors that have contributed to the present level of development or the comparisons between the regions of the similar activity.
i. Rubber plantations in Malaysia.
ii. Lumbering in Canada.
iii. Commercial grain farming in Central USA and intensive agriculture in Egypt.
Map Work
locate and label on an outline
map of the world the following information.
1. The major climatic regions of the world - Equatorial, Tropical Monsoon, Tropical Desert, Mediterranean type, Cool Temperate Continental (Steppe, Prairie), Cool Temperate Oceanic (China type).
2. The oceans, seas, gulfs - all major oceans and seas of the world - Caribbean Sea, North Sea, Black Sea, Caspian sea, Baltic Sea, Mediterranean Sea, Gulf of Alaska, Hudson Bay, Gulf of St. Lawrence, Gulf of Mexico, Gulf of Panama, Gulf of Guinea, Strait of Magellan, Strait of Gibraltar, Strait of Malacca and Isthmus of Suez.
3. Rivers - Fraser, St. Lawrence, Missouri and Mississippi, Colorado, Amazon, Parana,
Paraguay, Nile, Zaire, Niger, Orange, Rhine, Seine, Volga, Danube, Murray, Darling, Hwang Ho, Ganga, Godavari, Mekong, Irrawaddy, Tigris, Euphrates.
4. Mountains - Rockies, Andes, Appalachian, Alps, Himalayas, Pyrenees, Scandinavian Mountains, Carpathians, Ethiopian Highlands, Drakensburg, Khinghan, Zagros, Tien Shan, Arakan Yoma, Central Japanese Alps.
5. Plateaus - Canadian Shield, Labrador Plateau, Tibetan plateau, Brazilian highlands, African Rift Valley, Iranian Plateau.
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